DEMOGRAPHIC MEASURE

Demographic Measure

Demography encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations, and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging, and death.Demographics are quantifiable characteristics of a given population.

Type 

  1. Fertility Measure
  2. Mortality Measure
  3. Migration Measure
1. Fertility Measure
         Fertility refers to the actual birth performances of a women or group of women. It is the result of fecundity. Fertility is the physiological capacity to reproduce a live child whereas fecundity is a biological reproductive ability of woman.

Fertility.                                     Fecundity
1. It is related to actual      1. It is only biological ability
Performance of birth.           of giving births.
2. It helps in population    2.It does not a affect on 
growth.                                   population growth directly.
3.The base of fertility is    3. All infecund female are 
 fecundity.                                 infertile.
4. It begins after sexual   4. It begins with menarche in
intercourse.                             adolescence.

  • Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
  • General Fertility Rate (GFR)
  • Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
  • Total Fertility Rate (TFR)      

A. CRUDE BIRTH RATE (CBR)
           The CBR is defined as the total number of living infants( 0-11 month ) born in a year of a country is divided by the total number of midyear population of the same year and multiplied by 1000.

Total number of birth in a year X 1000           
Mid year population of the same year

Or CBR = B x 1000                                                                 
                   P
B. GENERAL FERTILITY RATE (GFR)
       GFR is defined as the total number of children bron per thousand mid year female population of reproductive age (15 - 49) in a year of any country.

Total number of infants in a year  X 100
Mid year female population of reproductive age of the same year

GFR = B X 1000 
               p f ( 15 - 49 )
C. Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
       ASFR is another refinement of birth measure. When the number of live birth to women of definite age group per year of country is divided by the number of female s of that age group and multiplied by 1000.

The number of live births to women of specific age group in a year.       X 1000
Mid year female population of the same age group of the same year

ASFR = Ba X 1000
                  P f a
D. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
      The TFR is the sum of the age Specific Fertility rates of women in each five year are group from 15-49.


Summation ASFR X Age interval (5 years)
                              1000

2. Mortality
      Mortality is one of the three components of population charge. It refers to the complete disappearance of human life symptoms. It is also called Death which is also a factor to change population which continues in human beings.
  • Crude Death Rate (CDR)
  • Age Specific Death Rate (ASDR)
  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
  • Child Mortality Rate (CMR)
   A. Crude Death Rate(CDR)
         This is simple and popular measure of death rates. The CDR is defined as the ratio of total registered death in a year of country to the total midyear population of the same year.

Total number of deaths of a place in a year X 1000
Mid year population of the same place in the same year

CDR = D  X 1000
            P

B. Age Specific Death Rate (ASDR)
    It is caused due to age , disease, accidents and other various factors. Mortality or death ration is different on various age groups. Infants and old aged people die more in number comparing to adult.

Total number of deaths of specific age group in a year    X 1000
Mid year population of the same specific age group in the same year 
     
ASDR = D i X 1000
               P I
C. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
       It is a ratio of number of death of infants to the total live birth in same year.

Number of deaths of infants (below 1 years of age).   X 1000
Total live births in the same year

IMR = D o X 1000
                   B
D. Child Mortality Rate (CMR)
         It is defined as the number of deaths of children aged 1- 4 years in a year of a country per thousand midyear population Children aged 1-4 years of the same year.

Number of deaths of children of age 1- 4     X 1000.                                                                       
Total number of live children of the same year and age

CMR = D 1-4 X 1000
                   p 1-4


3. Migration
      It is a process of moving from one place to another for betterment of life or in search of better facilities. People migrate from place of origin to place of destination due to various reasons.


  • In Migration Rate 
  • Out Migration Rate
  • Net Migration Rate
  • Gross Migration Rate

A. In Migration Rate (IMR)
        The process in which people come to live in a place for better of life and residence is known as in migration.

Number of immigrants or immigrants X 1000.                                                        
Mid year population of the same year 

IMR = I/P x 1000

B. Out Migration Rate
      The process in which people go to live in another place in search of better life or residence is known as out Migration.

Number of outmigration or emigrants  X 1000.                                                            
Mid year population of the same year

OMR= O/E X 1000
              P

C. Net Migration Rate (NMR)
      Net Migration Rate is the difference between in migrants/immigrants and out migrants of a place in year. 

Number of immigrants of immigrants - outmigrants or emigrants.   X 1000
Mid year population of the same year

NMR = I - O/E  X 1000
                   P

D. Gross Migration Rate (GMR)
           Gross Migration is total number of people who take part in Migration process in a place in a year per 1000 mid year population.


Number of immigrants of immigrants + outmigrants or emigrants.   X 1000
Mid year population of the same place of the same year

GMR =  I + O/E  X 1000
                   P




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